From 1/28/2019
Closely related keys: keys that are within one accidental of each other, for example C and F (0 accidentals and 1 flat)
Closely related keys (Major keys in capitals minor keys in lowercase) a minor: the same as C major (G, F, C, e, d) C# major: F#, G# (Ab), a# (b-flat), d#, e# (f) Eb minor: Gb (F#), Db, Cb (B), b-flat, a-flat
Anything outside of the change of one accidental would be considered a distantly related key.
What is modulation? The changing of tonic.
From Before:
What is a modulation?
Most of the time when a key modulates, there isn’t a change in key signature. If you go from C major to C minor is that a modulation?
So what defines a modulation? When the tonic changes. That’s why C major to C minor is mode mixture, not a modulation.
Mode mixture is C major to C minor. Modulation is C major to A minor.
Ex 1: The first phrase is in E major, and after the fermata it modulates to the relative minor, C# minor.
Ex 2: The first quarter is in E major, the second in C# minor, and the last half back in E major.
You as the listener, have to hear a new note as the tonic. That’s where we start. If the example is using a string of secondary dominants but never arriving on a tonic, it’s tonicization, not a modulation. You need to hear a solid arriving point of a new tonic.
How do we know if we’ve modulated? How is that different from a set of chords creating a tonicization? This relies heavily on how you determine what a phrase is.
A phrase is a:
BUT Musically and structurally what defines a phrase?
As we go through the listening examples, try to identify the cadences. By looking for cadences, we can identify where a modulation occurs, no matter how little time the music sits in the new key.
The first phrase ends in a half cadence in C. The rest of the piece continues in C with a phrase of tonicization to F, but it never modulates.
The first phrase ends with and imperfect authentic cadence in D major. The last phrase modulates to F# minor out of context. In the real piece, it goes back into D major after this section so the F# minor moment functions as a tonicization.
We are in G minor. This piece has a V/iii that heavily tonicizes Bb, but it’s not a strong enough cadence point.
In G minor at the beginning, it modulates later in the example. It’s all based on the cadences throughout the example.